Cial mechanisms. Connell's theory of gender and power has been shown previously to explain the gender effects in the spread of HIV/AIDS infection [11,12]. Sa and Larsen applied this theory in their study in Moshi, Tanzania, using gender inequality to explain women's risk of HIV infection [12]. In this study, we adopt Connell's theory of gender and power as a theoretical framework to explore and cl
T among participants living in Peru (46.0 ), Brazil (37.8 ), and Ecuador (37.3 ), with lower prevalence among participants living in Thailand (6.4 ), South Africa (17.6 ), and the United States (27.1 ; P,0.001). Randomization group was not associated with HSV-2 prevalence at baseline (P = 0.44). In multivariable analysis, all factors remained significantly associated with HSV-2 prevalence with the
Used acyclovir or valacyclovir during study follow-up.HSV-2 prevalenceOf the 2,499 participants, 1383 (55.3 ) tested negative for HSV-2 at baseline, 892 (35.7 ) tested positive, 223 (8.9 ) had indeterminate tests, and one test was not done. Of the 223 with indeterminate tests at baseline, 114 (51.1 ) tested positive for HSV-2 infection at some point during follow-up. Factors associated with testin
N of cRAI in the past three months being reported more frequently in the placebo arm (P = 0.01). Of the 1,383 participants who tested seronegative for HSV-2 at baseline, 36 (2.6 ) did not contribute person-time to incidence analyses because they were retrospectively found to be HIVinfected at baseline, tested seropositive for HSV-2 at the enrollment visit subsequent to screening, or were lost to f
Used acyclovir or valacyclovir during study follow-up.HSV-2 prevalenceOf the 2,499 participants, 1383 (55.3 ) tested negative for HSV-2 at baseline, 892 (35.7 ) tested positive, 223 (8.9 ) had indeterminate tests, and one test was not done. Of the 223 with indeterminate tests at baseline, 114 (51.1 ) tested positive for HSV-2 infection at some point during follow-up. Factors associated with testin
No differences by randomization group in the proportion of participants with 1 STI examination during which a perianal ulcer (FTC/TDF 3.5 vs. placebo 4.7 , P = 0.37) or groin ulcer (FTC/TDF 2.5 vs. placebo 1.9 , P = 0.51) was identified; results were similar after excluding participants with a positive syphilis rapid plasma reagin test at the same visit. However, symptoms that prompted STI exam
Lcer was identified, and 5.6 had 1 STI examination during which a groin ulcer was identified after HIV seroconversion, and thus after stopping study drug. The proportions with each type of ulcer did not differ between participants in the FTC/TDF arm and participants in the placebo arm. Finally, the iPrEx protocol did not use the HSV-2 test manufacturer's suggested cutoffs for indeterminate (IR
Lcer was identified, and 5.6 had 1 STI examination during which a groin ulcer was identified after HIV seroconversion, and thus after stopping study drug. The proportions with each type of ulcer did not differ between participants in the FTC/TDF arm and participants in the placebo arm. Finally, the iPrEx protocol did not use the HSV-2 test manufacturer's suggested cutoffs for indeterminate (IR